Subpart N - Materials Handling and Storage

Subpart N provides the standards for handling materials and storage which includes powered industrial trucks (forklifts), overhead and gantry cranes, crawler locomotive and truck cranes, derricks, helicopters and slings. This subpart also provides the standards for servicing multi-piece and single piece rim wheels. 

Special Requirements

Tab/Accordion Items

Scope: This standard provides general requirements for mechanical handling equipment. 

Special Requirements: Markings, signage

1910.176(a) - Use of mechanical equipment. Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard. Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.

1910.176(e) - Clearance limits. Clearance signs to warn of clearance limits shall be provided.

 

Scope: This standard applies to the servicing of multi-piece and single piece rim wheels used on large vehicles such as trucks, tractors, trailers, buses and off-road machines. It does not apply to the servicing of rim wheels used on automobiles, or on pickup trucks and vans utilizing automobile tires or truck tires designated "LT". All provisions of this section apply to the servicing of both single piece rim wheels and multi-piece rim wheels unless designated otherwise.

Special Requirements: Training program, safe operating procedures, instruction, charts, rim manual, contents of standard, demonstrates (employee), evaluate, visually inspect, inspections, marked, tagged, checked, safety procedures

Multi-piece rim wheel means the assemblage of a multi-piece wheel with the tire tube and other components.

Single piece rim wheel means the assemblage of single piece rim wheel with the tire and other components.

1910.177(c)(1) - The employer shall provide a program to train all employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed.

1910.177(c)(1)(i) - The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the type of wheel being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section.

1910.177(c)(1)(ii) - Information to be used in the training program shall include, at a minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts (rim manuals) and the contents of this standard.

1910.177(c)(1)(iii) - Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a manner which the employee is able to understand.

1910.177(c)(2) - The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks: [Reference paragraphs (c)(2)(i) - (viii)].

1910.177(c)(3) - The employer shall evaluate each employee's ability to perform these tasks and to service rim wheels safely, and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that each employee maintains his or her proficiency.

1910.177(d)(3)(iii) - Restraining devices and barriers shall be visually inspected prior to each day's use and after any separation of the rim wheel components or sudden release of contained air. Any restraining device or barrier exhibiting damage such as the following defects shall be immediately removed from service: [Reference paragraphs (d)(3)(iii)(A) - (E)].

1910.177(d)(5) - Current charts or rim manuals containing instructions for the type of wheels being serviced shall be available in the service area.

1910.177(d)(6) - The employer shall furnish and assure that only tools recommended in the rim manual for the type of wheel being serviced are used to service rim wheels.

1910.177(e)(1) - Multi-piece wheel components shall not be interchanged except as provided in the charts or in the applicable rim manual.

1910.177(e)(2) - Multi-piece wheel components and single piece wheels shall be inspected prior to assembly. Any wheel or wheel component which is bent out of shape, pitted from corrosion, broken, or cracked shall not be used and shall be marked or tagged unserviceable and removed from the service area. Damaged or leaky valves shall be replaced.
 

1910.177(e)(4) - The size (bead diameter and tire/wheel widths) and type of both the tire and the wheel shall be checked for compatibility prior to assembly of the rim wheel.

1910.177(f) - Safe operating procedure - multi-piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing multi-piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: [Reference paragraphs (f)((1) - (11)].

1910.177(g) - Safe operating procedure - single piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing single piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: [Reference paragraphs (g)((1) - (12)].

 

Scope: This standard provides the safety requirements relating to fire protection, design, maintenance, and use of fork trucks, tractors, platform lift trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines. This section does not apply to compressed air or nonflammable compressed gas-operated industrial trucks, nor to farm vehicles, nor to vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or over-the-road hauling.

Special Requirements: Label, markings, testing laboratory, design, manufacturer written approval, nameplates, instruction plates, tags, designations, training (initial/refresher), authorized/unauthorized, evaluations, competent, training program, designated locations, certification, traffic regulations, authorized speed limit, rated capacity, examination, reporting, references other standards

1910.178(a)(2) - All new powered industrial trucks acquired and used by an employer shall meet the design and construction requirements for powered industrial trucks established in the “American National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II, ANSI B56.1-1969”, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 - incorporation by reference, except for vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or over-the-road hauling.

1910.178(a)(3) - Approved trucks shall bear a label or some other identifying mark indicating approval by the testing laboratory. See paragraph (a)(7) of this section and paragraph 405 of “American National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II, ANSI B56.1-1969”, which is incorporated by reference in paragraph (a)(2) of this section and which provides that if the powered industrial truck is accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory it should be so marked.

1910.178(a)(4) - Modifications and additions which affect capacity and safe operation shall not be performed by the customer or user without manufacturers prior written approval. Capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals shall be changed accordingly. 
 
1910.178(a)(5) - If the truck is equipped with front-end attachments other than factory installed attachments, the user shall request that the truck be marked to identify the attachments and show the approximate weight of the truck and attachment combination at maximum elevation with load laterally centered. 
 
1910.178(a)(6) - The user shall see that all nameplates and markings are in place and are maintained in a legible condition.
 
1910.178(a)(7) - As used in this section, the term, approved truck or approved industrial truck means a truck that is listed or approved for fire safety purposes for the intended use by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, using nationally recognized testing standards. Refer to 1910.155(c)(3)(iv)(A) - fire protection, for definition of listed, and to 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.
 
1910.178(b) - Designations. For the purpose of this standard there are eleven different designations of industrial trucks or tractors as follows: D, DS, DY, E, ES, EE, EX, G, GS, LP, and LPS. [Reference paragraphs (b)(1) - (12)].
 
1910.178(c)(2) - For specific areas of use, see Table N-1 which tabulates the information contained in this section. References are to the corresponding classification as used in Subpart S - electrical, of this part (1910).
 
1910.178(f)(1) - The storage and handling of liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel shall be in accordance with NFPA Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30-1969), which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 - incorporation by reference.
 

1910.178(f)(2) - The storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gas fuel shall be in accordance with NFPA Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA No. 58-1969), which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.

1910.178(i)(1) - Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by powered industrial truck operations shall not exceed the levels specified in 1910.1000 - air contaminants.
 
1910.178(j) - Dockboards (bridge plates). See subpart D - walking and working surfaces, of this part (1910).
 
1910.178(l)(1)(i) -The employer shall ensure that each powered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in this paragraph (l).
 
1910.178(l)(1)(ii) - Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck (except for training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully completed the training required by this paragraph (l), except as permitted by paragraph (l)(5).
 
1910.178(l)(2) - Training program implementation.
  • 1910.178(l)(2)(i) - Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only: [Reference paragraphs (l)(2)(i)(A) - (B)].
  • 1910.178(l)(2)(ii) - Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, video tape, written material), practical training (demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the operator's performance in the workplace.
1910.178(l)(2)(iii) - All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and evaluate their competence.
 

1910.178(l)(3) - Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer's workplace.

1910.178(l)(4)(i) - Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph (l)(4)(ii) to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely.

1910.178(l)(4)(ii) - Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when: [Reference paragraphs (l)(4)(ii)(A) - (E)]. 

1910.178(l)(4)(iii) - An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator's performance shall be conducted at least once every three years.
 
1910.178(l)(5) - Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely.
 

1910.178(l)(6) - Certification. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and evaluated as required by this paragraph (l). The certification shall include the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person(s) performing the training or evaluation.

1910.178(m)(3) - Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted to ride on powered industrial trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided where riding of trucks is authorized.

1910.178(n)(1) - All traffic regulations shall be observed, including authorized plant speed limits. A safe distance shall be maintained approximately three truck lengths from the truck ahead, and the truck shall be kept under control at all times.
 
1910.178(o)(2) - Only loads within the rated capacity of the truck shall be handled.
 
1910.178(q)(1) - Any power-operated industrial truck not in safe operating condition shall be removed from service. All repairs shall be made by authorized personnel.
 
1910.178(q)(3) - Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks which involve fire hazards shall be conducted only in locations designated for such repairs.
 
1910.178(q)(6) - Industrial trucks shall not be altered so that the relative positions of the various parts are different from what they were when originally received from the manufacturer, nor shall they be altered either by the addition of extra parts not provided by the manufacturer or by the elimination of any parts, except as provided in paragraph (q)(12) of this section. Additional counterweighting of fork trucks shall not be done unless approved by the truck manufacturer. 
 
1910.178(q)(7) - Industrial trucks shall be examined before being placed in service, and shall not be placed in service if the examination shows any condition adversely affecting the safety of the vehicle. Such examination shall be made at least daily. Where industrial trucks are used on a round-the-clock basis, they shall be examined after each shift. Defects when found shall be immediately reported and corrected.
 

Scope: This standard applies to overhead and gantry cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others having the same fundamental characteristics. These cranes are grouped because they all have trolleys and similar travel characteristics.

Special Requirements: Design specifications, rated load (displayed), markings, tested, qualified engineer, checked, designated personnel, manufacturer's recommendations, manufacturer approval, warning signals, inspections, tests, preventive maintenance program, labels, instruct, competent supervision, designated personnel, maintenance procedures, test reports, certification record, appointed person, responsible person, notification, familiar with fire extinguishers, references other standards

Gantry crane means a crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.
 
Overhead crane means a crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway structure. 
 
1910.179(b)(2) - New and existing equipment. All new overhead and gantry cranes constructed and installed on or after August 31, 1971, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes, ANSI B30.2.0-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 - incorporation by reference.
 
1910.179(b)(3) - Modifications. Cranes may be modified and rerated provided such modifications and the supporting structure are checked thoroughly for the new rated load by a qualified engineer or the equipment manufacturer. The crane shall be tested in accordance with paragraph (k)(2) of this section. New rated load shall be displayed in accordance with subparagraph (5) of this paragraph.
 
1910.179(b)(5) - Rated load marking. The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its load block and this marking shall be clearly legible from the ground or floor.
 
1910.179(b)(6)(i) - Minimum clearance of 3 inches overhead and 2 inches laterally shall be provided and maintained between crane and obstructions in conformity with Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc., Specification No. 61, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 (formerly the Electric Overhead Crane Institute, Inc).
 
1910.179(b)(8) - Designated personnel - Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section.
 
1910.179(c)(2) - Access to crane. Access to the car and/or bridge walkway shall be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform requiring no step over any gap exceeding 12 inches (30 cm). Fixed ladders must comply with subpart D - walking-working surfaces, of this part (1910). 
 
1910.179(d)(3) - Toeboards and handrails for footwalks. Toeboards and handrails must comply with subpart D - walking-working surfaces, of this part (1910). 
 
1910.179(d)(4)(iii) - Ladders shall be permanently and securely fastened in place and constructed in compliance with subpart D - walking-working surfaces, of this part (1910). 
 
1910.179(g)(1)(i) - Wiring and equipment shall comply with subpart S - electrical, of this part (1910).
 
1910.179(g)(1)(v) - Pendant control boxes shall be constructed to prevent electrical shock and shall be clearly marked for identification of functions.
 
1910.179(h)(2)(i) - In using hoisting ropes, the crane manufacturer's recommendation shall be followed. The rated load divided by the number of parts of rope shall not exceed 20 percent of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.
 
1910.179(h)(2)(iii)(b) - Rope end shall be anchored by a clamp securely attached to the drum, or by a socket arrangement approved by the crane or rope manufacturer.
 
1910.179(h)(2)(v) - Rope clips attached with U-bolts shall have the U-bolts on the dead or short end of the rope. Spacing and number of all types of clips shall be in accordance with the clip manufacturer's recommendation. Clips shall be drop-forged steel in all sizes manufactured commercially. When a newly installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all nuts on the clip bolts shall be retightened.
 

1910.179(h)(2)(vi) - Swaged or compressed fittings shall be applied as recommended by the rope or crane manufacturer.

1910.179(h)(2)(viii) - Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade, and construction as the original rope furnished by the crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recommended by a wire rope manufacturer due to actual working condition requirements.
 

1910.179(h)(4) - Hooks. Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations and shall not be overloaded.

1910.179(i) - Warning device. Except for floor-operated cranes a gong or other effective warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped with a power traveling mechanism.

1910.179(j)(1)(i) - Initial inspection. Prior to initial use, all new and altered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with the provisions of this section.

1910.179(j)(1)(ii) - Inspection procedure for cranes in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as "frequent" and "periodic" with respective intervals between inspections as defined below: [Reference paragraphs (j)(1)(ii)(a) - (b)].

1910.179(j)(2) - Frequent inspection. The following items shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in paragraph (j)(1)(ii) of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspections. All deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (j)(2)(i) - (vii)].

1910.179(j)(3) - Periodic inspection. Complete inspections of the crane shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in paragraph (j)(1)(ii)(b) of this section, depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and in addition, the following items. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (j)(3)(i) -(x)].
 
1910.179(j)(4)(i) - A crane which has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section before placing in service.
 
1910.179(j)(4)(ii) - A crane which has been idle for a period of over 6 months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of paragraphs (j)(2) and (3) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section before placing in service.
 
1910.179(j)(4)(iii) - Standby cranes shall be inspected at least semi-annually in accordance with requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section.
 

1910.179(k)(1) - Operational tests.

1910.179(k)(2) - Rated load test. Test loads shall not be more than 125 percent of the rated load unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. The test reports shall be placed on file where readily available to appointed personnel.
 

1910.179(l)(1) - Preventive maintenance. A preventive maintenance program based on the crane manufacturer's recommendations shall be established.

1910.179(l)(2) - Maintenance procedure.

1910.179(l)(3)(i) - Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the inspection requirements of paragraph (j) of this section shall be corrected before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments and repairs shall be done only by designated personnel.

1910.179(l)(3)(iii)(a) - Crane hooks showing defects described in paragraph (j)(2)(iii) of this section shall be discarded. Repairs by welding or reshaping are not generally recommended. If such repairs are attempted they shall only be done under competent supervision and the hook shall be tested to the load requirements of paragraph (k)(2) of this section before further use.

1910.179(l)(3)(iii)(d) - Pendant control stations shall be kept clean and function labels kept legible.

1910.179(m)(1) - Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes shall be made at least once a month and a certification record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier for the ropes which were inspected shall be kept on file where readily available to appointed personnel. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, shall be carefully observed and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard. Some of the conditions that could result in an appreciable loss of strength are the following: [Reference paragraphs (m)(1)(i) - (vi)].
 
1910.179(m)(2) - Other ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is used. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A certification record shall be available for inspection which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier for the rope which was inspected.
 
1910.179(n)(3)(iv) - Cranes shall not be used for side pulls except when specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that the stability of the crane is not thereby endangered and that various parts of the crane will not be overstressed.
 
1910.179(n)(3)(vii) - The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled. The brakes shall be tested by raising the load a few inches and applying the brakes.
 
1910.179(n)(3)(ix) - When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.
 
1910.179(n)(4)(i) - At the beginning of each operator's shift, the upper limit switch of each hoist shall be tried out under no load. Extreme care shall be exercised; the block shall be "inched" into the limit or run in at slow speed. If the switch does not operate properly, the appointed person shall be immediately notified.
 
1910.179(o)(3) - Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided.

Scope: This standard applies to crawler cranes, locomotive cranes, wheel mounted cranes of both truck and self-propelled wheel type, and any variations thereof which retain the same fundamental characteristics. This section includes only cranes of the above types, which are basically powered by internal combustion engines or electric motors and which utilize drums and ropes. Cranes designed for railway and automobile wreck clearances are excepted. The requirements of this section are applicable only to machines when used as lifting cranes.

A crawler crane consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery, and boom, mounted on a base, equipped with crawler treads for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

A locomotive crane consists of a rotating superstructure with power-plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on railroad track. It may be self-propelled or propelled by an outside source. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

A truck crane consists of a rotating superstructure with powerplant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on an automotive truck equipped with a powerplant for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

Special Requirements: Design specifications, designated personnel, inspections, inspection procedures, inspection records, load ratings, certification records, test procedures, operational tests, rated load tests, written reports, authorized person, quality control measures, instruction, designated person, certified test results, manufacturer approval, familiar with fire extinguishers, references other standards

1910.180(b)(2) - New and existing equipment. All new crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes constructed and utilized on or after August 31, 1971, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes, ANSI B30.5-1968, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 - incorporation by reference. Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes constructed prior to August 31, 1971, should be modified to conform to those design specifications by February 15, 1972, unless it can be shown that the crane cannot feasibly or economically be altered and that the crane substantially complies with the requirements of this section.

1910.180(b)(3) - Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section.

1910.180(c)(1) - Load ratings - where stability governs lifting performance.

1910.180(c)(1)(i) - The margin of stability for determination of load ratings, with booms of stipulated lengths at stipulated working radii for the various types of crane mountings, is established by taking a percentage of the loads which will produce a condition of tipping or balance with the boom in the least stable direction, relative to the mounting. The load ratings shall not exceed the following percentages for cranes, with the indicated types of mounting under conditions stipulated in paragraphs (c)(1)(ii) and (iii) of this section.

1910.180(c)(1)(iii) - Stipulations governing the application of the values in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section for crawler, truck, and wheel-mounted cranes shall be in accordance with Crane Load-Stability Test Code, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J765, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.

1910.180(c)(2) - Load rating chart. A substantial and durable rating chart with clearly legible letters and figures shall be provided with each crane and securely fixed to the crane cab in a location easily visible to the operator while seated at his control station.

1910.180(d)(1) - Initial inspection. Prior to initial use all new and altered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with provisions of this section.

1910.180(d)(2) - Regular inspection. Inspection procedure for cranes in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as "frequent" and "periodic", with respective intervals between inspections as defined below: [Reference paragraphs (d)(2)(i) - (ii)].

1910.180(d)(3) - Frequent inspection. Items such as the following shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section or as specifically indicated including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspections. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (d)(3)(i) - (vii)].

1910.180(d)(4) - Periodic inspection. Complete inspections of the crane shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of paragraph (d)(3) of this section and in addition, items such as the following. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (d)(4)(i) - (x)].

1910.180(d)(5)(i) - A crane which has been idle for a period of one month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of paragraph (d)(3) of this section and paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section before placing in service.

1910.180(d)(5)(ii) - A crane which has been idle for a period of six months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of paragraphs (d)(3) and (4) of this section and paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section before placing in service.

1910.180(d)(5)(iii) - Standby cranes shall be inspected at least semiannually in accordance with requirements of paragraph (d)(3) of this section and paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section. Such cranes which are exposed to adverse environment should be inspected more frequently.

1910.180(d)(6) - Inspection records. Certification records which include the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and the serial number, or other identifier, of the crane which was inspected shall be made monthly on critical items in use such as brakes, crane hooks, and ropes. This certification record shall be kept

1910.180(e)(1) - Operational tests.

  • 1910.180(e)(1)(i) - In addition to prototype tests and quality-control measures, each new production crane shall be tested by the manufacturer to the extent necessary to insure compliance with the operational requirements of this paragraph including functions such as the following: [Reference paragraphs (e)(1)(i)(a) - (e)].

1910.180(e)(1)(ii) - Where the complete production crane is not supplied by one manufacturer such tests shall be conducted at final assembly.

1910.180(e)(1)(iii) - Certified production-crane test results shall be made available.

1910.180(e)(2) - Rated load test.

  • 1910.180(e)(2)(i) - Written reports shall be available showing test procedures and confirming the adequacy of repairs or alterations.
  • 1910.180(e)(2)(iii)(a) - Crawler, truck, and wheel-mounted cranes shall be tested in accordance with SAE Recommended Practice, Crane Load Stability Test Code J765 (April 1961).
  • 1910.180(e)(2)(iv) - No cranes shall be rerated in excess of the original load ratings unless such rating changes are approved by the crane manufacturer or final assembler.

1910.180(g)(1) - Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes in use shall be made at least once a month and a certification record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier for the ropes shall be prepared and kept on file where readily available. All inspections shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength shall be carefully observed and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard. Some of the conditions that could result in an appreciable loss of strength are the following: [Reference paragraphs (g)(1)(i) - (vi)].

1910.180(g)(2)(i) - Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where rope travel is limited, or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken to inspect ropes at these locations.

1910.180(g)(2)(ii) - All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is used. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A certification record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and an identifier for the rope which was inspected shall be prepared and kept readily available.
 
1910.180(g)(2)(iii) - Particular care shall be taken in the inspection of nonrotating rope.
 
1910.180(h)(1)(i) - No crane shall be loaded beyond the rated load, except for test purposes as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.
 
1910.180(h)(3)(vii) - On truck-mounted cranes, no loads shall be lifted over the front area except as approved by the crane manufacturer.
 

1910.180(h)(3)(viii) - The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled by raising it a few inches and applying the brakes.

1910.180(h)(3)(ix) - Outriggers shall be used when the load to be handled at that particular radius exceeds the rated load without outriggers as given by the manufacturer for that crane. Where floats are used they shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks used to support outriggers shall: [Reference paragraphs (h)(3)(ix)(a) - (c)].

1910.180(h)(3)(xii) - When two or more cranes are used to lift one load, one designated person shall be responsible for the operation. He shall be required to analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.

1910.180(h)(3)(xiv) - Before traveling a crane with load, a designated person shall be responsible for determining and controlling safety. Decisions such as position of load, boom location, ground support, travel route, and speed of movement shall be in accord with his determinations.

1910.180(i)(2) - Ballast or counterweight. Cranes shall not be operated without the full amount of any ballast or counterweight in place as specified by the maker, but truck cranes that have dropped the ballast or counterweight may be operated temporarily with special care and only for light loads without full ballast or counterweight in place. The ballast or counterweight in place specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded.

1910.180(i)(4)(i) - Refueling with small portable containers shall be done with an approved safety type can equipped with an automatic closing cap and flame arrester. Refer to 1910.155(c)(3) - fire protection, for definition of approved.

1910.180(i)(5)(ii) - Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided.

1910.180(j) - Operations near overhead lines. For operations near overhead electric lines, see 1910.333(c)(3) - electrical; selection and use of work practices.

Scope: This standard provides requirements for guy, stiffleg, basket, breast, gin pole, Chicago boom and A-frame derricks of the stationary type, capable of handling loads at variable reaches and powered by hoists through systems of rope reeving, used to perform lifting hook work, single or multiple line bucket work, grab, grapple, and magnet work. Derricks may be permanently installed for temporary use as in construction work. The requirements of this section also apply to any modification of these types which retain their fundamental features, except for floating derricks.

A derrick is an apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held at the head by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.

Special Requirements: Designated personnel, load markings, rating chart, capacity charts, inspections, tests, appointed person, preventive maintenance program, maintenance procedures, designated individual, manufacturer recommendations, certification record, familiar with fire extinguisher, operator knowledge, references other standards

1910.181(b)(2) - New and existing equipment. All new derricks constructed and installed on or after August 31, 1971, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for Derricks, ANSI B30.6-1969, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.

1910.181(b)(3) - Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a derrick covered by this section.

1910.181(c)(1) - Rated load marking. For permanently installed derricks with fixed lengths of boom, guy, and mast, a substantial, durable, and clearly legible rating chart shall be provided with each derrick and securely affixed where it is visible to personnel responsible for the safe operation of the equipment. The chart shall include the following data: [Reference paragraphs (c)(1)(i) - (iii)].

1910.181(c)(2) - Nonpermanent installations. For nonpermanent installations, the manufacturer shall provide sufficient information from which capacity charts can be prepared for the particular installation. The capacity charts shall be located at the derricks or the jobsite office.

1910.181(d)(1)(i) - Prior to initial use all new and altered derricks shall be inspected to insure compliance with the provisions of this section.

1910.181(d)(1)(ii) - Inspection procedure for derricks in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the derrick and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as frequent and periodic with respective intervals between inspections as defined below: [Reference paragraphs (d)(1)(ii)(a) - (b)].

1910.181(d)(2) - Frequent inspection. Items such as the following shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(a) of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspections. Deficiencies shall be carefully examined for any safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (d)(2)(i) - (ix)].

1910.181(d)(3)(i) - Complete inspections of the derrick shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(b) of this section depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section and in addition, items such as the following. Deficiencies shall be carefully examined and a determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard: [Reference paragraphs (d)(3)(i)(a) - (f)].

1910.181(d)(3)(ii) - Foundation or supports shall be inspected for continued ability to sustain the imposed loads.

1910.181(d)(4)(i) - A derrick which has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section and paragraph (g)(3) of this section before placing in service.

1910.181(d)(4)(ii) - A derrick which has been idle for a period of over 6 months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of paragraphs (d)(2) and (3) of this section and paragraph (g)(3) of this section before placing in service.

1910.181(d)(4)(iii) - Standby derricks shall be inspected at least semiannually in accordance with requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section and paragraph (g)(3) of this section.

1910.181(e)(1) - Operational tests. Prior to initial use all new and altered derricks shall be tested to insure compliance with this section including the following functions: [Reference paragraphs (e)(1)(i) - (iv)].

1910.181(e)(2) - Anchorages. All anchorages shall be approved by the appointed person. Rock and hairpin anchorages may require special testing.

1910.181(f)(1) - Preventive maintenance. A preventive maintenance program based on the derrick manufacturer's recommendations shall be established.

1910.181(f)(2) - Maintenance procedure.

1910.181(f)(3)(i) - Any unsafe conditions disclosed by inspection shall be corrected before operation of the derrick is resumed.

1910.181(g)(1) - Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes in use shall be made at least once a month and a certification record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and an identifier for the ropes which were inspected shall be prepared and kept on file where readily available. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength shall be carefully observed and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard. Some of the conditions that could result in an appreciable loss of strength are the following: [Reference paragraphs (g)(1)(i) - (vi)].

1910.181(g)(2) - Limited travel ropes. Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where rope travel is limited, or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken to inspect ropes at these locations.

1910.181(g)(3) - Idle ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a derrick on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is used. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration. A certification record shall be prepared and kept readily available which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and an identifier for the ropes which were inspected.

1910.181(g)(4) - Nonrotating ropes. Particular care shall be taken in the inspection of nonrotating rope.

1910.181(h) - Operations of derricks. Derrick operations shall be directed only by the individual specifically designated for that purpose.

1910.181(i)(1)(i) - No derrick shall be loaded beyond the rated load.

1910.181(i)(3)(iv) - A derrick shall not be used for side loading except when specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that the various structural components will not be overstressed.

1910.181(i)(3)(vii) - The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled by raising it a few inches and applying the brakes.

1910.181(i)(5)(i) - Ropes shall not be handled on a winch head without the knowledge of the operator.

1910.181(j)(2)(i) - Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations and shall not be overloaded.

1910.181(j)(3)(ii) - Operating and maintenance personnel shall be familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided.

1910.181(j)(4)(i) - Refueling with portable containers shall be done with approved safety type containers equipped with automatic closing cap and flame arrester. Refer to 1910.155(c)(3) - fire protection, for definition of Approved.

1910.181(j)(5) - Operations near overhead lines. For operations near overhead electric lines, see 1910.333(c)(3) - electrical; selection and use of work practices.

Scope: This standard provides requirements pertaining to the use of helicopters.

Special Requirements: Briefings, competent person, design, tests, manufacturer rating, instruction, hand signal systems, signalman, designated person, communication

1910.183(b) - Briefing. Prior to each day's operation a briefing shall be conducted. This briefing shall set forth the plan of operation for the pilot and ground personnel.

1910.183(d) - Cargo hooks. All electrically operated cargo hooks shall have the electrical activating device so designed and installed as to prevent inadvertent operation. In addition, these cargo hooks shall be equipped with an emergency mechanical control for releasing the load. The employer shall ensure that the hooks are tested prior to each day's operation by a competent person to determine that the release functions properly, both electrically and mechanically.

1910.183(k) - Weight limitation. The weight of an external load shall not exceed the helicopter manufacturer's rating.

1910.183(m) - Visibility. Ground personnel shall be instructed and the employer shall ensure that when visibility is reduced by dust or other conditions, they shall exercise special caution to keep clear of main and stabilizing rotors. Precautions shall also be taken by the employer to eliminate, as far as practical, the dust or other conditions reducing the visibility.

1910.183(n) - Signal systems. The employer shall instruct the aircrew and ground personnel on the signal systems to be used and shall review the system with the employees in advance of hoisting the load. This applies to both radio and hand signal systems. Hand signals, where used, shall be as shown in Figure N-1.

1910.183(r) - Communications. There shall be constant reliable communication between the pilot and a designated employee of the ground crew who acts as a signalman during the period of loading and unloading. The signalman shall be clearly distinguishable from other ground personnel.

Scope: This standard provides requirements pertaining to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

Sling is an assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment.

Special Requirements: Safe operating practices, inspections, competent person, identification, rated capacity, record (written), proof test certificate, manufacturer recommendations, identification markings, marked, tagged, references other standards

1910.184(c) - Safe operating practices. Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed: [Reference paragraphs (c)(1) - (14)].

1910.184(d) - Inspections. Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service. 
 
1910.184(e)(1) - Sling identification. Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and reach. 
 
1910.184(e)(2)(i) - Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component.
 

1910.184(e)(3)(i) - In addition to the inspection required by paragraph (d) of this section, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of [Reference paragraphs (e)(3)(i)(A) - (D)].

1910.184(e)(3)(ii) - The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination.

1910.184(e)(3)(iii) - The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a competent person designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in length. Where such defects or deterioration are present, the sling shall be immediately removed from service.

1910.184(e)(4) - Proof testing. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, in accordance with paragraph 5.2 of the American Society of Testing and Materials Specification A391-65, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6 (ANSI G61.1-1968). The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and shall make it available for examination.

1910.184(e)(6) - Safe operating temperatures. Employers must permanently remove an alloy steel-chain slings from service if it is heated above 1000 degrees F. When exposed to service temperatures in excess of 600 degrees F, employers must reduce the maximum working-load limits permitted by the chain manufacturer in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer's recommendations.

1910.184(e)(7)(i) - Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When welding or heat testing is performed, slings shall not be used unless repaired, reconditioned and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

1910.184(f)(1) - Sling use. Employers must use only wire-rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer, and that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one.

1910.184(f)(4)(ii) - All welded end attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test, and make it available for examination.
 
1910.184(g)(1) - Sling marking. Each metal mesh sling shall have permanently affixed to it a durable marking that states the rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch loadings.
 

1910.184(g)(2) - Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity at least equal to the metal fabric and exhibit no deformation after proof testing.

1910.184(g)(4) - Sling coatings. Coatings which diminish the rated capacity of a sling shall not be applied.

1910.184(g)(5) - Sling testing. All new and repaired metal mesh slings, including handles, shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at a minimum of 1½ times their rated capacity. Elastomer impregnated slings shall be proof tested before coating.

1910.184(g)(7) - Safe operating temperatures. Metal mesh slings which are not impregnated with elastomers may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 °F to plus 550 °F without decreasing the working load limit. Metal mesh slings impregnated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene may be used only in a temperature range from zero degrees to plus 200 °F. For operations outside these temperature ranges or for metal mesh slings impregnated with other materials, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.

1910.184(g)(8)(ii) - Once repaired, each sling shall be permanently marked or tagged, or a written record maintained, to indicate the date and nature of the repairs and the person or organization that performed the repairs. Records of repairs shall be made available for examination.
 

1910.184(h)(1) - Sling use. Employers must use natural and synthetic fiber-rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings stating the rated capacity for the type(s) of hitch(es) used and the angle upon which it is based, type of fiber material, and the number of legs if more than one.

1910.184(h)(2) - Safe operating temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen slings, may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 °F to plus 180 °F without decreasing the working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.

1910.184(h)(3) - Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shall not be used unless they have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements and in accordance with any additional recommendations of the manufacturer.

1910.184(i)(1) - Sling identification. Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the rated capacities for each type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.

1910.184(i)(8)(ii) - Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to twice the rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination.
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